Trigonometry Simplify 1-cos (x)^2 1 − cos2 (x) 1 - cos 2 ( x) Apply pythagorean identity. sin2(x) sin 2 ( x) Compute answers using Wolfram's breakthrough technology & knowledgebase, relied on by millions of students & professionals. For math, science, nutrition, history ... 1. Yes, cos2(x) cos 2 ( x) usually means cos(x) ⋅ cos(x) cos ( x) ⋅ cos ( x). Most other information already given here is also correct: cos2 x cos 2. . x is probably most common as shortest. (cos(x))2 ( cos. . ( x)) 2 is most clear for beginners, but not practical - it has too much brackets, that are annoying to write and obscure ... Introduction to Trigonometric Identities and Equations; 7.1 Solving Trigonometric Equations with Identities; 7.2 Sum and Difference Identities; 7.3 Double-Angle, Half-Angle, and Reduction FormulasCompute answers using Wolfram's breakthrough technology & knowledgebase, relied on by millions of students & professionals. For math, science, nutrition, history ... Hint: cos(2x) = cos(x+x)= cosxcosx−sinxsinx= cos2x−sin2x= cos2x−(1−cos2x)= 2cos2x−1 So, cos2x= 21+cos(2x) which can be substituted. For which a ∈ R are sin2(ax),cos2(x) and 1 linear independent. You have sin2(x)= (1−cos(2x))/2 and cos2(ax) =(1+cos(2ax)/2. Hence the span of the three functions is the same as the span of 1, cos(2ax ...cos^2 x + sin^2 x = 1. sin x/cos x = tan x. You want to simplify an equation down so you can use one of the trig identities to simplify your answer even more. some other identities (you will learn later) include -. cos x/sin x = cot x. 1 + tan^2 x = sec^2 x. 1 + cot^2 x = csc^2 x. hope this helped! Introduction to Trigonometric Identities and Equations; 7.1 Solving Trigonometric Equations with Identities; 7.2 Sum and Difference Identities; 7.3 Double-Angle, Half-Angle, and Reduction Formulas sin(2X) = 2 sinX cosX cos(2X) = 1 - 2sin 2 X = 2cos 2 X - 1 tan(2X) = 2tanX / [ 1 - tan 2 X ] Multiple Angle Formulas sin(3X) = 3sinX - 4sin 3 X cos(3X) = 4cos 3 X - 3cosX sin(4X) = 4sinXcosX - 8sin 3 XcosX cos(4X) = 8cos 4 X - 8cos 2 X + 1Explanation: Manipulating the left side using Double angle formulae. ∙ sin2x = 2sinxcosx. ∙ cos2x = cos2x − sin2x. and using sin2x +cos2x = 1 we can also obtain. cos2x = (1 − sin2x) − sin2x = 1 −2sin2x. and cos2x = cos2x −(1 − cos2x) = 2cos2x − 1. ⇒ sin2x 1 +cos2x = 2sinxcosx 1 + 2cos2x − 1 = 2sinxcosx 2cos2x. = 2 sinxcosx ...Introduction to Trigonometric Identities and Equations; 7.1 Solving Trigonometric Equations with Identities; 7.2 Sum and Difference Identities; 7.3 Double-Angle, Half-Angle, and Reduction Formulas Explanation for correct option: Find the value of lim x → 2 1 - cos 2 x - 2 x - 2. Consider the given Equation as. I = lim x → 2 1 - cos 2 x - 2 x - 2. We know that. cos 2 θ = 1 - 2 sin 2 θ. Then, on substituting we have, I = lim x → 2 1 - 1 - 2 sin 2 x - 2 x - 2 ⇒ I = lim x → 2 2 sin 2 x - 2 x - 2 ⇒ I = lim x → 2 2 sin x - 2 x ...What are the formulae of (1) 1 + cos2x (2) 1 cos2x Get the answer to this question and access a vast question bank that is tailored for students.Teks video. 1 Min Cos 2 X per 1 + cos 2x = sebelum kita kerjakan soal berikut perlu kita ingat kembali bahwa cos 2x kita bisa berubah menjadi 1 min 2 Sin kuadrat X sehingga 1 Min Cos 2 e-paper 1 + cos 2x bisa kita rubah menjadi 1 Min cos 2x nya kita bahas 1 min 2 Sin kuadrat X per 1 + cos 2x ditambah 1 Min Sin kuadrat X kemudian 1 dikurang 1 habis kemudian Min ketemu Min jadinya + 2 SinX per 1 ... Free trigonometric equation calculator - solve trigonometric equations step-by-step Dec 6, 2021 · $\int \frac {1}{\cos^2 x}\,dx=\int \sec^2 x=\tan x +c$ based directly on the list of immediate integrals. The other day a student asked me if we can evaluate the integral using a method like integration by substitution or integration by parts. The only 'solution' I found uses the differentiation of quotient working backwards. I.e. Free math problem solver answers your algebra, geometry, trigonometry, calculus, and statistics homework questions with step-by-step explanations, just like a math tutor. This simplifies to sinx. Use sin^2theta + cos^2theta = 1 -> sin^2theta = 1- cos^2theta and csctheta = 1/sintheta. =(sin^2x)(cscx) = (sin^2x)(1/sinx) = sinx Hopefully this helps!Free Pre-Algebra, Algebra, Trigonometry, Calculus, Geometry, Statistics and Chemistry calculators step-by-stepStep by step video solution for int(1+ cos^2(x))/(1+cos(2x))dx by Maths experts to help you in doubts & scoring excellent marks in Class 12 exams. Ab Padhai karo bina ads ke Khareedo DN Pro and dekho sari videos bina kisi ad ki rukaavat ke!sin^2(theta) + cos^2(theta) = 1 (Pythagorean theorem) So 1-cos^2(theta) = sin^2(theta)Free Pre-Algebra, Algebra, Trigonometry, Calculus, Geometry, Statistics and Chemistry calculators step-by-step Evaluate the integral. integral cos^2 x sin^2x dx; How to integrate 1/tan(x)^2; Use the identity \cos^2 x + \sin^2 x = 1 to integrate \int \cos^3 x \sin ^2 x dx. Calculate: integral_0^pi/2 7 sin^2 x cos^2 x dx =. Find the antiderivative: integral x/x^2 - 25 dx = Evaluate the integral \int cos^2x sin x dx. Trigonometry Simplify 1-cos (x)^2 1 − cos2 (x) 1 - cos 2 ( x) Apply pythagorean identity. sin2(x) sin 2 ( x)Hint: cos(2x) = cos(x+x)= cosxcosx−sinxsinx= cos2x−sin2x= cos2x−(1−cos2x)= 2cos2x−1 So, cos2x= 21+cos(2x) which can be substituted. For which a ∈ R are sin2(ax),cos2(x) and 1 linear independent. You have sin2(x)= (1−cos(2x))/2 and cos2(ax) =(1+cos(2ax)/2. Hence the span of the three functions is the same as the span of 1, cos(2ax ... cos(2x) = cos 2 (x) − sin 2 (x) = 1 − 2 sin 2 (x) = 2 cos 2 (x) − 1 Half-Angle Identities The above identities can be re-stated by squaring each side and doubling all of the angle measures.d^20/dx^20(2cosx cos3x)= A. 2^20(cos2x – 2^20 cos 4x) B. 2^20(cos2x + 2^20 cos 4x) C. 2^20(sin2x – 2^20 sin 4x) D. 2^20(sin2x – 2^20 sin 4x) asked Apr 15, 2021 in Derivatives by Ichha ( 2.7k points)Step by step video solution for int(1+ cos^2(x))/(1+cos(2x))dx by Maths experts to help you in doubts & scoring excellent marks in Class 12 exams. Ab Padhai karo bina ads ke Khareedo DN Pro and dekho sari videos bina kisi ad ki rukaavat ke!If any individual factor on the left side of the equation is equal to 0 0, the entire expression will be equal to 0 0. 2cos(x)− 1 = 0 2 cos ( x) - 1 = 0. cos(x)+1 = 0 cos ( x) + 1 = 0. Set 2cos(x)−1 2 cos ( x) - 1 equal to 0 0 and solve for x x. Tap for more steps... x = π 3 +2πn, 5π 3 +2πn x = π 3 + 2 π n, 5 π 3 + 2 π n, for any ... General solution for squared trigonometry questions: cos2 x = 1. https://math.stackexchange.com/q/764154. Use the identity cos2(x)= 21+cos(2x). You should then be able to solve this for x by way of the inverse. Trigonometric equation: cos3x + cosx − cos2x = 0.Hint: cos(2x) = cos(x+x)= cosxcosx−sinxsinx= cos2x−sin2x= cos2x−(1−cos2x)= 2cos2x−1 So, cos2x= 21+cos(2x) which can be substituted. For which a ∈ R are sin2(ax),cos2(x) and 1 linear independent. You have sin2(x)= (1−cos(2x))/2 and cos2(ax) =(1+cos(2ax)/2. Hence the span of the three functions is the same as the span of 1, cos(2ax ... We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. 1. Yes, cos2(x) cos 2 ( x) usually means cos(x) ⋅ cos(x) cos ( x) ⋅ cos ( x). Most other information already given here is also correct: cos2 x cos 2. . x is probably most common as shortest. (cos(x))2 ( cos. . ( x)) 2 is most clear for beginners, but not practical - it has too much brackets, that are annoying to write and obscure ... What are the formulae of (1) 1 + cos2x (2) 1 cos2x Get the answer to this question and access a vast question bank that is tailored for students.The angle in the one minus cos double angle trigonometric identity can be denoted by any symbol. Hence, it also is popularly written in two distinct forms. ( 1). 1 − cos ( 2 x) = 2 sin 2 x. ( 2). 1 − cos ( 2 A) = 2 sin 2 A. In this way, the one minus cosine of double angle formula can be expressed in terms of any symbol.Free Pre-Algebra, Algebra, Trigonometry, Calculus, Geometry, Statistics and Chemistry calculators step-by-stepcos2x + cosx − 1 = 0 we obtain. cosx = 1 2( − 1 ± √5). and. sinx = √ 1 2( − 1 + √5) Putting this results into the big equation. sin12x + ⋯ + sin6x we obtain the answer. Example. (√ 1 2( − 1 + √5))16 = 1 2 (47 −21√5) so the answer is.subtract 1 from both sides. tan2x+1 −1 = sec2x −1. ⇒ sec2x −1 = tan2x. Answer link.The angle in the one minus cos double angle trigonometric identity can be denoted by any symbol. Hence, it also is popularly written in two distinct forms. ( 1). 1 − cos ( 2 x) = 2 sin 2 x. ( 2). 1 − cos ( 2 A) = 2 sin 2 A. In this way, the one minus cosine of double angle formula can be expressed in terms of any symbol.Here are a few examples I have prepared: a) Simplify: tanx cscx ×secx. Apply the quotient identity tanθ = sinθ cosθ and the reciprocal identities cscθ = 1 sinθ and secθ = 1 cosθ. = sinx cosx 1 sinx × 1 cosx. = sinx cosx × sinx 1 × 1 cosx. = sin2x cos2x. Reapplying the quotient identity, in reverse form: = tan2x. b) Simplify: cscβ ... Compute answers using Wolfram's breakthrough technology & knowledgebase, relied on by millions of students & professionals. For math, science, nutrition, history ...The expression 1 + cos 2x + cos 4x + cos 6x is equivalent to. NCERT Solutions. NCERT Solutions For Class 12. NCERT Solutions For Class 12 PhysicsTrigonometry. Solve for x cos (2x)=-1. cos (2x) = −1 cos ( 2 x) = - 1. Take the inverse cosine of both sides of the equation to extract x x from inside the cosine. 2x = arccos(−1) 2 x = arccos ( - 1) Simplify the right side. Tap for more steps... 2x = π 2 x = π. Divide each term in 2x = π 2 x = π by 2 2 and simplify.sin^2(theta) + cos^2(theta) = 1 (Pythagorean theorem) So 1-cos^2(theta) = sin^2(theta)subtract 1 from both sides. tan2x+1 −1 = sec2x −1. ⇒ sec2x −1 = tan2x. Answer link.Explanation: One way to simplify this is to use the identity. sin2x +cos2x = 1. From this we can see that. sin2x = 1 − cos2x. Therefore we have. cos2x 1 − cos2x = cos2x sin2x = cot2x. Answer link.In this video I will prove cos^2(x)=(1+cos2x)/2. Course Index. What Is The Unit Circle? The Unit Circle and The Angle (Part 1 of 2) The Unit Circle and The Angle ... cos(2x) = cos 2 (x) − sin 2 (x) = 1 − 2 sin 2 (x) = 2 cos 2 (x) − 1 Half-Angle Identities The above identities can be re-stated by squaring each side and doubling all of the angle measures.Trigonometry. Simplify square root of 1-cos (x)^2. √1 − cos2 (x) 1 - cos 2 ( x) Apply pythagorean identity. √sin2(x) sin 2 ( x) Pull terms out from under the radical, assuming positive real numbers.Hint: cos(2x) = cos(x+x)= cosxcosx−sinxsinx= cos2x−sin2x= cos2x−(1−cos2x)= 2cos2x−1 So, cos2x= 21+cos(2x) which can be substituted. For which a ∈ R are sin2(ax),cos2(x) and 1 linear independent. You have sin2(x)= (1−cos(2x))/2 and cos2(ax) =(1+cos(2ax)/2. Hence the span of the three functions is the same as the span of 1, cos(2ax ...sin(2X) = 2 sinX cosX cos(2X) = 1 - 2sin 2 X = 2cos 2 X - 1 tan(2X) = 2tanX / [ 1 - tan 2 X ] Multiple Angle Formulas sin(3X) = 3sinX - 4sin 3 X cos(3X) = 4cos 3 X - 3cosX sin(4X) = 4sinXcosX - 8sin 3 XcosX cos(4X) = 8cos 4 X - 8cos 2 X + 1sin^2x. Rewrite sec^2x as 1/cos^2x by the identity secx = 1/cosx. =cos^2x(1/cos^2x- 1) = 1 - cos^2x Use the identity sin^2x + cos^2x = 1 solved for sin^2x to get: = sin^2x Hopefully this helps!Trigonometry Simplify 1-cos (x)^2 1 − cos2 (x) 1 - cos 2 ( x) Apply pythagorean identity. sin2(x) sin 2 ( x)Free Pre-Algebra, Algebra, Trigonometry, Calculus, Geometry, Statistics and Chemistry calculators step-by-step See full list on purplemath.com 今回は\(\displaystyle\int \displaystyle \frac{1}{\cos^2 x} dx\)を積分していきます。置換積分法を使ったテクニックと微分を使って、下記の積分を実施します。 Jun 25, 2018 · How do you differentiate #1+cos^2(x)#? Calculus Differentiating Trigonometric Functions Derivative Rules for y=cos(x) and y=tan(x) 1 Answer Jim G. Explanation: Manipulating the left side using Double angle formulae. ∙ sin2x = 2sinxcosx. ∙ cos2x = cos2x − sin2x. and using sin2x +cos2x = 1 we can also obtain. cos2x = (1 − sin2x) − sin2x = 1 −2sin2x. and cos2x = cos2x −(1 − cos2x) = 2cos2x − 1. ⇒ sin2x 1 +cos2x = 2sinxcosx 1 + 2cos2x − 1 = 2sinxcosx 2cos2x. = 2 sinxcosx ...A. Công thức cos2x. B. Hàm số y = cos2x. Tập xác định của hàm số y = cos2x. Tập giá trị của y = cos2x. Tính chẵn lẻ của hàm số y = cos2x. Chu kì tuần hoàn của hàm số y = cos2x. C. Đồ thị hàm số y = cos2x. D. Đạo hàm cos2x. E. Nguyên hàm cos2x.Free math problem solver answers your algebra, geometry, trigonometry, calculus, and statistics homework questions with step-by-step explanations, just like a math tutor. Trigonometry Simplify 1-cos (x)^2 1 − cos2 (x) 1 - cos 2 ( x) Apply pythagorean identity. sin2(x) sin 2 ( x)1 Answer. Chandra S. Aug 14, 2015. cos x = - 1/2 = cos 2 π /3 ⇒ x = 2 π /3.Jun 22, 2015 · 1. To provide a correction to your own work I would remove the lim at first because I want to simplifies to the maximum the expression and at the last the computation, as follows: 1 − cos x x 2 = 2 sin 2 ( x 2) x 2 = 2 x 2 ⋅ sin 2 ( x 2) ( x 2) 2 ⋅ ( x 2) 2 = sin 2 ( x 2) ( x 2) 2 ⋅ 1 2. therefore. lim 1 − cos x x 2 = lim sin 2 ( x 2 ... Precalculus. Solve for x 2cos (x)-1=0. 2cos (x) − 1 = 0 2 cos ( x) - 1 = 0. Add 1 1 to both sides of the equation. 2cos(x) = 1 2 cos ( x) = 1. Divide each term in 2cos(x) = 1 2 cos ( x) = 1 by 2 2 and simplify. Tap for more steps... cos(x) = 1 2 cos ( x) = 1 2. Take the inverse cosine of both sides of the equation to extract x x from inside ...General solution for squared trigonometry questions: cos2 x = 1. https://math.stackexchange.com/q/764154. Use the identity cos2(x)= 21+cos(2x). You should then be able to solve this for x by way of the inverse. Trigonometric equation: cos3x + cosx − cos2x = 0.May 27, 2017 · The first step is to multiply the two expressions between parentheses : (II) There is a trigonometric identity that states : Working with this expression : ⇒. (I) Using the equation (I) in (II) : ⇒. arrow right. Compute answers using Wolfram's breakthrough technology & knowledgebase, relied on by millions of students & professionals. For math, science, nutrition, history ... Free trigonometric equation calculator - solve trigonometric equations step-by-stepIntroduction to Trigonometric Identities and Equations; 7.1 Solving Trigonometric Equations with Identities; 7.2 Sum and Difference Identities; 7.3 Double-Angle, Half-Angle, and Reduction Formulas Evaluate the integral. integral cos^2 x sin^2x dx; How to integrate 1/tan(x)^2; Use the identity \cos^2 x + \sin^2 x = 1 to integrate \int \cos^3 x \sin ^2 x dx. Calculate: integral_0^pi/2 7 sin^2 x cos^2 x dx =. Find the antiderivative: integral x/x^2 - 25 dx = Evaluate the integral \int cos^2x sin x dx.Mar 20, 2016 · Explanation: Manipulating the left side using Double angle formulae. ∙ sin2x = 2sinxcosx. ∙ cos2x = cos2x − sin2x. and using sin2x +cos2x = 1 we can also obtain. cos2x = (1 − sin2x) − sin2x = 1 −2sin2x. and cos2x = cos2x −(1 − cos2x) = 2cos2x − 1. ⇒ sin2x 1 +cos2x = 2sinxcosx 1 + 2cos2x − 1 = 2sinxcosx 2cos2x. = 2 sinxcosx ... Jul 21, 2023 · Step by step video solution for int(1+ cos^2(x))/(1+cos(2x))dx by Maths experts to help you in doubts & scoring excellent marks in Class 12 exams. Ab Padhai karo bina ads ke Khareedo DN Pro and dekho sari videos bina kisi ad ki rukaavat ke! What is the value of 1+cos^2 (x)? - Quora. Something went wrong. Wait a moment and try again.Dec 6, 2021 · $\int \frac {1}{\cos^2 x}\,dx=\int \sec^2 x=\tan x +c$ based directly on the list of immediate integrals. The other day a student asked me if we can evaluate the integral using a method like integration by substitution or integration by parts. The only 'solution' I found uses the differentiation of quotient working backwards. I.e. Develop the left side: #LS = (cos^2 x)/(sin^2 x) - cos ^2 x = ((cos^2 x)(1 - sin^2 x))/(sin^2 x) =# #= (cos^2 x.cos^2 x)/(sin^2 x) = cot^2 x.cos^2 x# Proved.Jan 23, 2017 · 🏼 https://integralsforyou.com - Integral of 1/(1+cos^2(x)) - How to integrate it step by step using the substitution method!🙈 𝐒𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐥, ?... 1. Yes, cos2(x) cos 2 ( x) usually means cos(x) ⋅ cos(x) cos ( x) ⋅ cos ( x). Most other information already given here is also correct: cos2 x cos 2. . x is probably most common as shortest. (cos(x))2 ( cos. . ( x)) 2 is most clear for beginners, but not practical - it has too much brackets, that are annoying to write and obscure ... Explanation: One way to simplify this is to use the identity. sin2x +cos2x = 1. From this we can see that. sin2x = 1 − cos2x. Therefore we have. cos2x 1 − cos2x = cos2x sin2x = cot2x. Answer link.What is the value of 1+cos^2 (x)? - Quora. Something went wrong. Wait a moment and try again.Solve your math problems using our free math solver with step-by-step solutions. Our math solver supports basic math, pre-algebra, algebra, trigonometry, calculus and more.
Compute answers using Wolfram's breakthrough technology & knowledgebase, relied on by millions of students & professionals. For math, science, nutrition, history ... . Ghonak
The first step is to multiply the two expressions between parentheses : (II) There is a trigonometric identity that states : Working with this expression : ⇒. (I) Using the equation (I) in (II) : ⇒. arrow right.cos(2x) = cos 2 (x) − sin 2 (x) = 1 − 2 sin 2 (x) = 2 cos 2 (x) − 1 Half-Angle Identities The above identities can be re-stated by squaring each side and doubling all of the angle measures.Using #color(blue)" Double angle formula "# #• cos2x = cos^2 x - sin^2 x# and the identity # cos^2x = 1 - sin^2x #. #rArrcos2x = cos^2x - sin^2x = (1-sin^2x) - sin^2x # ...We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.Nov 15, 2015 · 1 Answer. George C. Nov 15, 2015. Use cos2x +sin2x = 1 to find: 1 − cos2x sinx = sinx. To solve a trigonometric simplify the equation using trigonometric identities. Then, write the equation in a standard form, and isolate the variable using algebraic manipulation to solve for the variable. Use inverse trigonometric functions to find the solutions, and check for extraneous solutions.Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics concerned with relationships between angles and ratios of lengths. The field emerged in the Hellenistic world during the 3rd century BC from applications of geometry to astronomical studies.Free Pre-Algebra, Algebra, Trigonometry, Calculus, Geometry, Statistics and Chemistry calculators step-by-step Free Pre-Algebra, Algebra, Trigonometry, Calculus, Geometry, Statistics and Chemistry calculators step-by-step Explanation: Manipulating the left side using Double angle formulae. ∙ sin2x = 2sinxcosx. ∙ cos2x = cos2x − sin2x. and using sin2x +cos2x = 1 we can also obtain. cos2x = (1 − sin2x) − sin2x = 1 −2sin2x. and cos2x = cos2x −(1 − cos2x) = 2cos2x − 1. ⇒ sin2x 1 +cos2x = 2sinxcosx 1 + 2cos2x − 1 = 2sinxcosx 2cos2x. = 2 sinxcosx ...Apr 12, 2016 · #color(blue)(1-cos^2x)# This expression should look familiar. It is derived from the Pythagorean Identity. #sin^2x+cos^2x=1# where we can subtract #cos^2x# from both sides to get what we have in blue above: #sin^2x=color(blue)(1-cos^2x)# Thus, this expression is equal to. #sin^2x# 1 + cos. 2x = 2cos 2 x. 1 – cos2x = 2sin² x. The cos 2 x formula is essentially used to resolve the integration problems. It will be used as. cos 2 x = (cos2x + 1)/2. If you want to solve the integral of (1 – cos 2 x) and (1 + cos 2 x). Both mathematical terms will be calculated with the help of trigonometric identities. We have cos 2 x= 1 ... 幂简约公式. 从解余弦二倍角公式的第二和第三版本得到。. 正弦. 餘弦. 其他. sin 2 θ = 1 − cos 2 θ 2 \sin ^ {2}\theta = {\frac {1-\cos 2\theta } {2}} cos 2 θ = 1 + cos 2 θ 2 \cos ^ {2}\theta = {\frac {1+\cos 2\theta } {2}} sin 2 θ cos 2 θ = 1 − cos 4 θ 8 \sin ^ {2}\theta \cos ^ {2 ...Free math problem solver answers your algebra, geometry, trigonometry, calculus, and statistics homework questions with step-by-step explanations, just like a math tutor. sin^2x. Rewrite sec^2x as 1/cos^2x by the identity secx = 1/cosx. =cos^2x(1/cos^2x- 1) = 1 - cos^2x Use the identity sin^2x + cos^2x = 1 solved for sin^2x to get: = sin^2x Hopefully this helps!Dec 2, 2018 · In this video, we are going to derive value of 1 - cosine of 2x.The identity cos(2x) has been explained in the following videohttps://youtu.be/NTgX1EY6Poo#co... .